Liver-specific enzymes
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) (Liver and or Muscle Damage)
AST is present in the cytoplasm of liver cell mitochondria. The reference range of AST in equines is 150–270 IU/L [24]. Serum levels are usually increased in liver disease and reflect hepatocellular injury. However, since it is also found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney, elevated serum activity can only be interpreted in conjunction with other more specific liver enzymes to diagnose disease. It is also important to note that this enzyme can be increased by hemolysis, as it is present in erythrocytes, and by lipemia [5].
Y-Glutamyl Transferase / gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
GGT is an enzyme widely distributed in various tissues. Other organs such as the lungs, kidneys, pancreas, and mammary glands also produce GGT. However, these amounts are small, so this enzyme is considered liver specific. However, the activity of this enzyme in serum or plasma originates almost exclusively from hepatocytes [19]. This fact confers to GGT a high specificity for diseases of the hepatobiliary system and its reference range in equines is 5–20 IU/L [24]. Increased GGT activity can be considered normal in foals, donkeys, and mules. In them, serum levels can increase up to 3 times the normal reference range for horses. In foals, during the first month of life, values were 1.5 to 3 times higher than the upper physiological reference values for healthy adult horses. In neonatal foals, serum levels increase during the first two weeks of life because GGT concentrations are higher in colostrum and milk [26].
(Viruses: There are a few newly discovered viruses associated with the elevation of GGT. From an epidemiological perspective, the viral theory fits the occurrence patterns of new cases. However, it doesn’t necessarily explain all of the metabolic disturbances associated with the syndrome.
Over training: Conceptually, over training could possibly explain the metabolic abnormalities associated with elevated GGT. However, most of the diagnosed horses are not trained any differently than horses that have normal GGT levels. Moreover, some of the newly diagnosed cases of elevated GGT have been racing and intensely training for years with no previous elevation in their medical histories.
Environmental factors: GGT is an inducible enzyme, meaning that increases in GGT production can be stimulated by other biological factors. In people, GGT elevation is associated with various diseases such as diabetes, liver cancer,kidney disease and obesity. It is also thought that certain nutritional ingredients can stimulate overproduction of the enzyme.)
(Source for above)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8996839/
https://synnutraequine.com/elevated-ggt-and-oxidative-stress-in-thoroughbred-racehorses-equine-oxidative-stress-syndrome/
____________________
Including Treatment discussions
(Source http://www.dvm360.com/view/laboratory-diagnosis-treatment-and-management-liver-disease-horse-proceedings)
Liver-specific enzymes
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) (Liver and or Muscle Damage)
AST is present in the cytoplasm of liver cell mitochondria. The reference range of AST in equines is 150–270 IU/L [24]. Serum levels are usually increased in liver disease and reflect hepatocellular injury. However, since it is also found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, and kidney, elevated serum activity can only be interpreted in conjunction with other more specific liver enzymes to diagnose disease. It is also important to note that this enzyme can be increased by hemolysis, as it is present in erythrocytes, and by lipemia [5].
Y-Glutamyl Transferase / gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)
GGT is an enzyme widely distributed in various tissues. Other organs such as the lungs, kidneys, pancreas, and mammary glands also produce GGT. However, these amounts are small, so this enzyme is considered liver specific. However, the activity of this enzyme in serum or plasma originates almost exclusively from hepatocytes [19]. This fact confers to GGT a high specificity for diseases of the hepatobiliary system and its reference range in equines is 5–20 IU/L [24]. Increased GGT activity can be considered normal in foals, donkeys, and mules. In them, serum levels can increase up to 3 times the normal reference range for horses. In foals, during the first month of life, values were 1.5 to 3 times higher than the upper physiological reference values for healthy adult horses. In neonatal foals, serum levels increase during the first two weeks of life because GGT concentrations are higher in colostrum and milk [26].
(Viruses: There are a few newly discovered viruses associated with the elevation of GGT. From an epidemiological perspective, the viral theory fits the occurrence patterns of new cases. However, it doesn’t necessarily explain all of the metabolic disturbances associated with the syndrome.
Over training: Conceptually, over training could possibly explain the metabolic abnormalities associated with elevated GGT. However, most of the diagnosed horses are not trained any differently than horses that have normal GGT levels. Moreover, some of the newly diagnosed cases of elevated GGT have been racing and intensely training for years with no previous elevation in their medical histories.
Environmental factors: GGT is an inducible enzyme, meaning that increases in GGT production can be stimulated by other biological factors. In people, GGT elevation is associated with various diseases such as diabetes, liver cancer,kidney disease and obesity. It is also thought that certain nutritional ingredients can stimulate overproduction of the enzyme.)
(Source for above)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8996839/
https://synnutraequine.com/elevated-ggt-and-oxidative-stress-in-thoroughbred-racehorses-equine-oxidative-stress-syndrome/
____________________
Including Treatment discussions
(Source http://www.dvm360.com/view/laboratory-diagnosis-treatment-and-management-liver-disease-horse-proceedings)
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What have others said about Blutarsky...
(("Get away from me, and stay away from me!!" - Ex Girlfriend)) - (("Creeeeeepy" - Neighbor)) -
(("Ughhhh...Jerk off, retard, loser." - Mother)) -
(("Cheater, clown, a brown stain on this High School!" - Former Teacher)) -
(("There are worst consequences to sex than STDs, abortion > BLUTO!"- Dad)) - (("He liked us probing him way too much, therefore we will not be abducting, he's all yours." - An Extraterrestrial))
